What Makes A Hurricane?

Hurricanes need warm tropical oceans, moisture and light winds above them. If the right conditions last long enough, a hurricane can produce violent winds, incredible waves, torrential rains and floods. In other regions of the world, these types of storms have different names.

Hurricanes rotate in a counter clockwise direction around an "eye." A tropical storm becomes a hurricane when winds reach 74 mph. There are on average six Atlantic hurricanes each year; over a three-year period, approximately five hurricanes strike the United States coastline from Texas to Maine. The Atlantic hurricane season begins June 1 and ends November 30. The East Pacific hurricane season runs from May 15 through November 30, with peak activity occurring during July through September. In a normal season, the East Pacific would expect 15 or 16 tropical storms. Nine of these would become hurricanes, of which four or five would be major hurricanes.

When hurricanes move onto land, the heavy rain, strong winds and heavy waves can damage buildings, trees and cars. The heavy waves are called a storm surge. Storm surge is very dangerous and a major reason why you MUST stay away from the ocean during a hurricane.

What Makes A Hurricane?

The generic name for a hurricane is tropical cyclone. These storms are called typhoons when they occur in the western Pacific Ocean, and cyclones in the Indian and southern Pacific Oceans.

What a hurricane looks like:

Eye

The centre of a hurricane is known as the eye of the storm. When seen from above, this eye is in the middle of the hurricane and looks cloud free. It is clear because the air has a downward, or sinking, motion, and since clouds require rising air to form, the eye of the hurricane has no clouds. This calm, however, is deceptive. The eye still has some wind and rain but it is calm compared with the rest of the violent storm.

Eye Wall

Have you ever noticed that an ice skater spins faster when she pulls in her arms? The same thing happens to clouds as they are pulled by the low pressure of the eye into the centre of the hurricane. When looking at a hurricane from above, you will see this area called the eye wall -- looking like a bright cloud ring right around the eye. It is the broad band immediately surrounding the eye and is where the storm is the worst.

Feeder Bands

Feeder bands are what give energy to -- or feed -- a hurricane. They are the long zones of clouds, showers, and thundershower activity that get their moisture over warm water. This is why there are hurricanes over the ocean and on the coastline. You will never find a hurricane in the desert. There can be one or more feeder bands energizing a hurricane.

What makes a hurricane?

o Ocean water temperatures of at least 80º Fahrenheit. This provides the storm with heat energy it needs to grow. That's why hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere form in June through November, when ocean temperatures are warmest. September 10 is the peak of the Atlantic Ocean's hurricane season.

o Low wind shear from the top to the bottom of the atmosphere. For example, if the winds at the oceans' surface are light, and winds at high altitude over the tropical wave are strong, this "shear" will act to tear the developing hurricane apart.

o Something to get the tropical wave spinning. This is usually provided by a low-pressure system or front that moves from land over the tropical ocean. The part of the Earth's spin that points straight up at the point of interest, or the Coriolis force, must help get the storm spinning. Near the equator, the Coriolis force is zero, so no hurricanes form within about 500 miles of the equator.

More about Hurricanes

What Makes A Hurricane?
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Facebook and Society

Assessing the impact Facebook has had on society since its formal public opening - to anyone over the age of 13 - on 26 September 2006 is rather like assessing the impact of the wheel or steam engine but over a far shorter time-span. To date there have been no definitive studies of this impact, interested parties either concerning themselves with privacy, legal or similar issues, but a wealth of individual comments and publications surrounding cyberstalking, cyberbullying, Internet anonymity and commercialism. Facebook has, however, impacted the way that people react with one another almost to the same extent that the Internet itself, now twenty years old, has with a form of globalization hard to imagine a mere ten years ago. The ability of anyone to contact and connect with others anywhere in the world - with certain governmental restrictions - to follow their exploits and, effectively, be a part of their life has changed the way many people view societal relations.

Initially Facebook was designed as a means for students at Harvard University to contact and connect with one another, the name stemming from the Harvard Facebook issued to all new students as a means of helping them through the initial teething problems of their student life. It began life with a series of legal problems, including initial closure by the Fellows of Harvard University itself and charges of intellectual property theft all of which were either ironed out or settled through a short series of court agreements and judicial or private settlements, the latest being in March 2010.

The main effect Facebook has had on society comes through the effective globalization of communication. Where e-mail was initially considered the great breaking down of communicative barriers, Facebook has taken the level of communication possible several stages higher, allowing not only text communication but the publication of photographs and graphics, the updating of a Status, links to external websites and an ever widening ability to list interests, hobbies and pastimes. Facebook has effectively allowed anyone who is either on a Friends List - for those with strict privacy settings - or with enough time on their hands the ability to search and find others around the entire globe who share similar interests or who, measured on the quantity and quality of information provided, may be of some use to another.

Facebook and Society

It has also, as some have discovered to their cost, several detrimental aspects. Without effective controls over who becomes a member, Facebook allows individuals and commercial interests the freedom to create profiles which may be false or misleading. With reports of suicides caused by mobbing, terrorism and harassment, Facebookhas become a center of attraction for those whose base interests include demeaning, manipulating and assaulting others through the relatively safe mantle of an anonymous identity. The system of reporting abuse, installed in an effort to prevent such abuses, has itself become a means of terrorizing members through claims of fake identities, inappropriate links or posts and photographs. The only secure method of reporting abuse remains that of copyright or intellectual property violations where an actual item of proof is required before action will be considered.

Further effects Facebook has had on society include a change in the way we react and interact with other people. Where once social interaction was predominantly through meeting a person or other people personally, Facebook allows individuals and groups to contact and communicate with people around the globe, often in areas where one might never have the chance to travel. It allows friends, work colleagues and acquaintances to remain in touch with one another once their ways have parted and bridges the gap of physical distances, for example with families during college and university years. In this aspect Facebookis not alone, as all other social networks allow similar relationships to continue albeit not on the same massive level achieved by Facebook itself.

This ability to connect seemingly effortlessly, to remain in touch and to forge new friendships - although Facebook claims to be a platform dedicated to supporting existing relationships rather than for the formation of new ones - has also resulted in many changes to the way individuals within society treat one another. For some membership of Facebook and the opening of an account is a must, for others a sign that they are distancing themselves from the real world. Time spent, so the argument, on Facebook is time that cannot be spent with friends, reading books, writing letters. Several companies actively ban the use of Facebookas being detrimental to the work environment - a waste of company time - and suggest that use of Facebook, or other social networks, can be so addictive that other more pressing, more important matters are pushed to one side or ignored.

Facebookhas, effectively, constructed a new society of young and old Internet users which is global, lacking in physical borders and many every day restrictions. That personal and to some extent intimate interaction between individuals in the real world, in the physical society in which we live has suffered rests entirely with those who contribute, who participate. These changes, the lack of personal, face to face communication, the loss of social mores and traditions, the almost insular and closed lives that users choose to lead, are likely to increase until, sometime in the not so distant future, we will experience the acceptance of an online society operating alongside that of an actual physical society and hardly be able to tell the difference between the two.

Facebook and Society
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Viktoria Michaelis is an eighteen year old American student (born July 1992) currently resident in Germany on a Student Exchange Program Intensive Training Course in Property Management, Translation and Executive Management Skills. She regularly writes in her personal Blog at Viktoria Michaelis.

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Pastor Anniversary Scriptures and Themes

Creating a pastor anniversary theme can be intimidating, overwhelming and sometimes over thought. Selecting a theme for your pastor is nothing more than creating a sentence based on the direction or progression of his ministry. The theme should also have some type of deep meaning in some cases, with a clever underlining thought.

First, let's discuss where to get theme ideas from that will help you create the theme for your pastor's anniversary. Firstly, I always look in the Holy Bible as there are countless examples of themes for a pastor. The idea is to pick a scripture that has a word of encouragement and direction from God. Not every scripture is the same and not every scripture communicates the message that is needed to convey the overall thought of the message.

Here is a list of scriptures that directly speak about honoring your pastor:

Pastor Anniversary Scriptures and Themes

Jeremiah 3:15- And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.
Ephesians 4:11- And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ
I Thessalonians 5:12-13- And we beseech you, brethren, to know them which labor among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you; And to esteem them very highly in love for their work's sake. And be at peace among yourselves.
I Timothy 5:17- Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honor, especially they who labor in the word and doctrine.
Hebrews 13:17- Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves: for they watch for your souls, as they that must give account, that they may do it with joy, and not with grief: for that is unprofitable for you.

Using the wording within the scripture you can create topics or themes that will be more than appropriate for celebrating your pastor's anniversary.

Here is a List of example pastor anniversary & pastor appreciation themes that was created using the wording in the scriptures.

Jeremiah 3:15- Honoring Our Pastor's Spiritual Knowledge and Earthly Understanding. Ephesians 4:11- Perfecting the Saints for the Work of the Ministry. I Thessalonians 5:12-13 - Celebrating the Laborer that Dwells Among Us. I Timothy 5:17-Giving Our Pastor Double Honor for His Labor in the Word. Hebrews 13:17- Recognizing the Leadership that Watches Over Our Souls.

With just a little creative thinking you can create a theme for your pastor's appreciation service, day or month. There are other ways to come up with a theme, you can use titles from: songs, books, movies, scriptures or even famous quotes by legendary people. There are many ways to create the perfect theme for your pastor you just have to be creative and put a little work into it.

Here is a list of example pastor anniversary & pastor appreciation themes that was created using songs, books, movies, scriptures and even quotes.

Spiritual Guidance That Propels Us Forward The Audacity of Faithful Leadership Sacred Teaching for Earthly Living Divine Council for the Multitude of People Celebrating God's Man for His People Celebrating God's Woman for His People Shaping Lives to be Good Stewards God's Chosen Vessel for His Purpose and Direction A Spiritual Briefing for the People of God The Gift of Giving For No Recompense Appreciating the Giver of Spiritual Knowledge Illustrating Holy Living Through Precept and Example Celebrating Victory in God's Holy Word Great Is Thy Faithfulness

As you prepare your celebration activities and appreciate your pastor takes some time to really seek out the right message for the overall theme. The members of your church will be delighted to help find a scriptures that corresponds to the message.

Pastor Anniversary Scriptures and Themes
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A great website to consider for pastor anniversary programs is Pastor Anniversary Site. We have a great collection of Print Ready program templates to choose from. Celebrate your pastor with a vibrant and color keepsake tribute that the congregation will be honored to receive during the celebration.

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News Aggregators: Problems and Solutions

News aggregation technology has resolved the problem in news monitoring. When news aggregators came in, the usual checking of news updates from one website to another has been made easier and faster.

A news aggregator is a tool or system that collects news contents from different new sources. Today, there are several news aggregation sites that people can use to get the latest news. While this is web-based, aggregators can also be used in web browsers, email applications, or it can be a desktop application.

Software-based aggregators are installed in web browsers and email applications to deliver news updates right at these applications, which can be viewed in a panel composition. In this manner, a user must subscribe to an RSS feed, which is integrated in websites, and then updates of these sites are sent to his email browser, email application, or the aggregator desktop application itself.

News Aggregators: Problems and Solutions

Although this sounds like a good technology, it's still plagued with various problems. Here are some:

Some news aggregation sites have unorganized news contents. To solve this, these sites may use a system that automatically classifies news contents into their appropriate news categories (national, global, crime, political, environmental, etc.). This will help users find their preferred stories right away.

News sources are misleading. This can be attributed to broken links or simply, links that do not direct the users to the right story. Aggregation websites collect their contents manually therefore sufficient attention must be given to the collection of data to avoid errors.

In the case of web feed subscriptions there are times when a person can receive a great volume of news contents especially if he had subscribed to many sites. Although, he can always un-subscribe to his feeds-what if all of them are relevant feeds-he can instead use the tagging system. He can tag his feeds with keywords so that he can sort and organize them. This way, he can easily find which article he wants to open and read. This process is called feed filtering.

Other problems faced by users are:

* News aggregation sites do not contain local news (although others do) or community news stories seldom get included in the list.
* In the case of RSS feeds, other web sites do not support RSS.
* Not all software-based aggregators are free.
* Not all software-based aggregators support any operating system.
* Free software-based aggregators are muddled with banner advertisements, which are quite distracting.

Amid all of these, one thing's for sure. News aggregators will be a trend especially because technological advancements are being favored by many people.

News Aggregators: Problems and Solutions
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Want to know more about the news aggregator and how this thing works? Visit our site http://www.niuzer.com which is a best example of a news aggregation website then get your favorite stories and the latest news right in one place.

Thesa is an experienced writer and publicist. She has 12 years experience in writing well-researched articles of various topics, SEO web content, marketing and sales content, press releases, sales scripts, academic essays, E-books and news bits.

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Ten Facts About Buddhism

Buddhism gets its name from a man known by his followers as the Buddha, or the awaken one. He was born in a princely family in a region of Northern India that now lies in Southern Nepal. There are about 500 million Buddhists worldwide. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama, known as the Buddha. His basic teachings are The Four Noble Truths and The Noble Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths are: The Truth of Suffering: All is suffering. The Arising of Suffering: Suffering arises from desire and delusion. The Cessation of Suffering: Nirvana is the solution. The Truth of the Way: How to achieve Nirvana.The Noble Eightfold Path includes eight concepts that would lead to Nirvana. This path is often divided in three categories: Sila: moral conduct. Samadhi: mental concentration (meditation). Panna: wisdom.Buddhism has spread through two main schools or branches: Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada means "Doctrine of the Elders". It's the oldest of the surviving schools of Buddhism. It represents a conservative option and it maintains many of the practices and beliefs of the early followers of the Buddha. Mahayana means "The Great Vehicle". It's a reform movement that changes the content of Buddhist practice in profound ways. It is the greatest (with more practitioners) surviving school. Both the Theravada and Mahayana accept the Tripitakas (also known as Pali Canon) as their scriptures. The Mahayana also have the Mahayana Sutras, which they regard as more important than the Pali Canon. The Theravada finds these Sutras as irrelevant.

Ten Facts About Buddhism

Ten Facts About Buddhism
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To learn more about Buddhism you might be interested in the site by author Pablo Antuna.

Buddhism Through Buddhist Eyes History of Buddhism

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The Importance of Style and Fashion in Today's Society

The importance of style and fashion in today's society is much underrated. The way that you look and dress is the first impression that people have of you. In order to give people a good first impression, you need to be dressed in a way that fits your style and does not look sloppy or messy, but one that does compliment you.

Personal style is a great way to express who you are and what you stand for. You can have fun with your own fashion statement but you should try and shy away from being too bold or it will make your outfit look like a costume.

You need to have a good appearance to show people that you invest in yourself. Your clothes should not be too tight because this gives a bad impression and it is very uncomfortable for you. Your clothes should not be too loose or baggy because that makes you look slovenly.

The Importance of Style and Fashion in Today's Society

Your hair and makeup are also essential parts of your appearance. Your hair should be nicely combed and your make up should be subtle and not too loud. You need to put time and effort into how you dress and style yourself.

Fashion and style let people know if you are serious or not. The way that you dress on a job interview tells employers if you might make a good employee. If you are wearing a short skirt and a t-shirt then most employers would not think to hire you because they think that you are not serious about wanting the job that they are hiring for.

The importance of style and fashion in today's society is very important so always make sure you look your best whenever you go because you never know who is watching. You could end up reaping many rewards if you invest in yourself because you will look great and feel better about yourself. Put your best clothes on and put your best foot forward.

Happy Shopping.

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Live Off Your Land - Fifteen Steps You Can Take to Get Out of the Cubicle and Onto Self-Reliance

Want to live off your land? More people are pursuing a lifestyle of self-reliance, depending upon themselves for their food and making a living by homesteading. If you long to get off the office treadmill and onto your own land, here are fifteen crucial steps you should take to pursue your life of freedom:

Get out of debt

As any farmer will tell you, unless you own a corporation with hundreds, if not thousands of acres, you won't make a fabulous income living off the land. Those farmers who do own hundreds of acres and thousands of dollars worth of equipment (along with the mortgages to prove it) are struggling to get by. The secret is to live simply and downsize. Sell that newer car with those high car payments and buy a used model, preferably with no payments. Stop eating out as much and use that extra money to pay off your loans.

Live Off Your Land - Fifteen Steps You Can Take to Get Out of the Cubicle and Onto Self-Reliance

Get some land

You don't need hundreds of acres, but if you want to live off your land, you will need at least five. You will want enough space for a good sized garden, along with some farm animals. Live in town? Consider selling or renting that house and buying a used manufactured home set on a small acreage instead. Many people do it and live quite comfortably - and debt free.

Learn to grow your own food

Put in a lot of raised beds and grow potatoes, carrots, tomatoes and other vegetables. Learn to preserve your food through canning, drying and freezing, so that you go to your pantry instead of the grocery store, cutting down on cost and time.

Raise chickens

These wonderful birds will supply you with eggs, meat, and even income if you raise enough of them. Fresh chicken eggs are easy to sell. These eggs are delicious, and if they come from chickens who have eaten mostly grass and insects - chickens who live in chicken tractors, for example - they are also far healthier and more valuable than the store-bought brand.

Get your goat

Goats will supply you with milk, meat and cheese. Control their diet - only hay and grains - and your goat's milk will taste exactly like cow's milk, only sweeter. Plus, many people are realizing the health benefits of raw goat's milk, making it a marketable product. Get two or three female goats - or does - along with a billy goat, and you will have enough milk for your family and some extra to sell to cover your cost.

Diversify what you sell

Many people who try living off the land make the mistake of raising a single product in large supply and then selling it. But if the crop fails, then you are in trouble. Instead, raise a small supply of several items to sell. Sell chicken eggs and goat's milk, honey and produce when it's in season. That way if one item fails to produce, you have others to fall back on.

Avoid the exotic

A few years ago, raising ostriches were all the rage. At least they were until those raising them realized not many people are willing to eat ostrich meat. It is far wiser to stick with the standard fare - chickens, pigs, and beef, for example. Raising something unusual and hoping to get rich off it - like many get-rich-quick schemes -usually leaves you with an empty pocketbook and an animal nobody wants and you have to feed.

Raise only what you want to eat

This goes with the ostrich example above. If you don't sell those hundreds of bushels of Swiss chard, then be prepared to eat them. If you don't enjoy them that much, then don't grow them.

Be prepared to learn a new trade

My grandfather was a plumber, and even during the depression, he prospered. During hard times, people might not need an insurance adjuster, but they will need someone who can fix their leaky pipes. Consider learning carpentry, electrical work or mechanics. Learn to make practical, useful items that you can sell or barter with.

Simplify

Do you really need three television sets? They use electricity even when they are not running. How about that 3,000 square foot home? Do you really need all that space, and all that clutter you accumulated to fill it? Learn to live on less. Cleaning and protecting all those things simply takes up precious time and money.

Give up driving

You won't be able to homestead successfully if you are driving into town everyday for one thing or another. If you are a soccer mom and trying to homestead, you are going to become exhausted in a hurry. Caring for livestock is a full time job that requires you to spend a lot of time on your land. Plus, the gas and wear and tear on your car is expensive. If you don't like staying at home, the homestead life may not be for you.

Don't go it alone

Don't try to homestead by yourself. Accidents can happen, and when you live in the country, there will be few neighbors who will hear you call for help. If you are single, consider finding one or two like-minded individuals who will room with you and share expenses.

Join a community

Find others in your area passionate about homesteading. Look for a local online group or start one. Go to your nearby feed store and see if they offer classes on animal husbandry. Sign up for an organic gardening class. All of these will get you in touch with people who can share information with you and who will encourage you.

Give back

Be willing to help those who are just starting out. There's an old phrase that rings true: what goes around, comes around. Make certain that what goes around from you is positive, rather than negative.

Embrace hard work

The homestead life is wonderful, but it does involve a lot of hard, physical labor. You will be lifting hay bales, roping contrary critters and moving chicken tractors. I personally love the hard work (and the great sleep I get each night), but if you prefer a desk job, then naturally, the homesteading life probably isn't for you.

Think you can do these fifteen things? Then start working on getting out of debt and go forward! A life of freedom and purpose awaits you.

Live Off Your Land - Fifteen Steps You Can Take to Get Out of the Cubicle and Onto Self-Reliance
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Sue Merriam is author of the website, Organic Gardening and Homesteading. http://www.organic-gardening-and-homesteading.com

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The Advantages and Disadvantages of David Cameron's Big Society

When David Cameron became the 14th British Prime Minister since 1946, he entered number 10 Downing Street with two real problems- a government in debt, and an economy in decline. One solution has been a much publicized, and sometimes ridiculed concept of a "Big Society." What are the advantages and disadvantages of creating a Big Society?

What is a Big Society?

Local state run services are transferred into the hands of community groups and organizations, who effectively take over the existing government run service. Funding is made through a new bank, partly financed by funds left in dormant and expired bank accounts. According to the architect of this plan- David Cameron- communities can take over running local transport routes, public libraries, schools and a whole range of other services.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of David Cameron's Big Society

Four Main Advantages of a Big Society?

1. Many citizens feel that some state run services are inefficient, and badly organized. Transferring these services to local groups and charities, could make them more democratic,

2. Technically people can form a community, and volunteer to run these services which could range from taking over a rural bus service to running a school.- creating independence within a community- instead of dependency on the state.

3. Charities are also "tax free," which means all funding is excluded from state taxation, and any profits can in theory be funneled back into improving the service, based on the needs of the community.

4. The government may save billions, which could be used to pay back a wide range of creditors, and funnel excess funds into improving the services it still runs. The community win, because they get a chance to provide a service they want- without any governmental interference.

What are the Disadvantages of a Big Society?

1. One main disadvantage is that funding may depend on how wealthy the community is who take over the existing bus route or library, and how willing people are to volunteer to help run these services.

2. The UK has had no recent history of mass volunteerism, and many communities are actually a mixture of new arrivals, migrant workers and short-term residents. Accustomed to a welfare state, and needing to earn money in one of the World's most expensive countries- many people may not have the time to volunteer.

3. Free market economies emphasize on self reliance, rather than community reliance. A paradox where volunteerism is needed to keep some services running, but at the same time these they could remain in competition with private business- who profit from running a similar service.

4. Some people believe the UK is a broken society. And in many instances the concept of community may not exist in the traditional sense. "Big Society" on a village level may work, but would it work in an inner-city housing estate?

Past Examples and Probable Solutions

Germany faced similar problems the UK faces between 2000 and 2007. The nation had accumulated debts through its generous social system, whilst its economy was stagnant, and over 35% of the population received some type of payment from the state. The German government had either to cut back or raise taxes.

A defacto form of "Big Society" materialized after sharp cuts in unemployment benefits, and an implementation of a means tested benefit system. The unemployed had to work for an extra 1 euro an hour, on community schemes which were often the former jobs of government employees.

Unemployed Germans "volunteered" to sweep their streets, and maintain dilapidated public buildings and parks for 20 hours a week in order to receive a decreased benefits.

Perhaps the German example could help communities and charities find the people to run the services they are encouraged to take over- from the ranks of the unemployed. This in turn could give people valuable work experience, and help them train for a suitable job.

However their is a flip-side to the German example- Many middle income Germans saved more and spent less, whilst the unemployed opted to work in a low paid job, rather than face remaining on benefits. The Government saved billions of euros, but still raised indirect taxes- and in 2008 took on more debt by bailing out failed German banks.

Another solution is to increase the retirement age, and whoever is unemployed and close to retirement, could assist in running these services, and In some cases train other volunteers- in return for the benefits they receive plus an extra stipend from the charity.

Big society has advantages and disadvantages. Much depends on how the public is encouraged to volunteer, and how these community organizations are initially financed. The big question is whether a society accustomed to a social safety net, could change, and embrace an idea which has already created a very cynical response.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of David Cameron's Big Society
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Discover how to Adjust to Change and develop your future.

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The African Elephant

The African elephant is a majestic creature that stands approximately 10-13 feet tall and weighs between 5.5 and 7 tons. The adult male is larger than the adult female and the average length of an African elephant is 19 to 24 feet, which includes the tip of the trunk to the tip of the tail. The elephant has ears that are shaped like flaps and are used as fans to cool the body. The toes are cushioned with fibrous tissue that helps to protect the elephant's toe bones from being injured. Both male and female elephants have tusks.

Habitat

Elephants are able to adapt well and can survive in the forest, bush, or savannah areas. They are migratory animals with a home range of approximately 500 feet and older elephants teach younger elephants their migrating patterns. Because of logging and other industrial activities, the natural habitat for African elephants has gotten smaller in size. Many African elephants now make their home in nature parks or zoos.

The African Elephant

Nourishment

Elephants have huge bodies and must eat well to build enough energy to migrate, find food, and survive in the wild. They eat anywhere from 100 to 1,000 pounds of food each day to keep their bodies fueled. However, their bodies cannot digest food very well. Approximately 40% of what an elephant eats is digested; the other 60% is excreted from the body. African elephants eat vegetation that includes grasses, shrubs, and other greenery found in the wild. When elephants are feeding, they often knock down or uproot trees, so they are known as destructive eaters.

Elephant Social Behavior

African elephants live in maternal societies led by the matriarch of the group. Approximately 8-15 elephants travel together at a time. Males leave the group when they reach puberty, but females continue to travel together. Related societies often travel together and communicate with each other in the wild. Elephants mate to reproduce and the gestation period is approximately 22 months. The weight of a baby elephant at birth is anywhere from 175 to 250 pounds. Baby elephants are known as calves.

Adaptations

Elephants have many special adaptations that help them to survive in the wild. The tusks are used for eating and for weapons. The structure of the teeth is important for being able to eat the large quantities of vegetation that elephants ingest each day. The trunk is a recognizable feature used for eating, bathing, and communicating with other elephants. The ears of African elephants are specialized for both hearing and cooling the body. Elephants have excellent hearing abilities that help them to stay safe. Their ears also act as cooling fans when it becomes very hot. Elephants cool themselves by flapping these ears, cooling off the blood in this area of the body.
African elephants are well-known as zoo and circus animals, but they are also wild animals. If you have the opportunity to see an African elephant up close, you'll recognize these physical features and better understand how elephants adapt to and survive in their natural environment.

The African Elephant
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The Effect of Deforestation

Deforestation is the process of converting forested lands into non-forest sites that are ideal for crop raising, urbanization and industrialization. Because deforestation is a serious concept, there are also serious effects to the surroundings.

Effects of deforestation can be classified and grouped into effects to biodiversity, environment and social settings. Because deforestation basically involves killing trees in forests, there are so many effects that can be enumerated as results of the activity.

When forests are killed, nature basically requires people to renew the forest. Reforestation is one concept that is in the opposite direction as deforestation, but is proven to be a much harder effort than deforestation.

The Effect of Deforestation

So the rate of deforestation has not been offset by the rate of reforestation. Thus, the world is now in a troubled state when it comes to issues concerning the environment.

Pollution is rapidly growing along with population. Forests are greatly helping reduce the amount of pollutants in the air. So, the depletion of these groups of trees is greatly increasing the risk that carbon monoxide would reach the atmosphere and result in the depletion of the ozone layer, which in turn results to global warming.

Environment change

One major effect of deforestation is climate change. Changes to the surroundings done by deforestation work in many ways. One, there is abrupt change in temperatures in the nearby areas. Forests naturally cool down because they help retain moisture in the air.

Second is the long process of global climate change. As mentioned above, deforestation has been found to contribute to global warming or that process when climates around the world become warmer as more harmful rays of the sun comes in through the atmosphere.

The ozone layer is a mass of oxygen or O3 atoms that serves as shield in the atmosphere against the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Because ozone is made up of oxygen atoms, oxygen react with carbon monoxide. Such reaction would use up oxygen atoms.

It follows that when there are more carbon monoxide atoms going to the atmosphere, the volume of oxygen would decline. Such is the case of ozone depletion.

The third effect to the environment would be on the water table underneath the ground. Water table is the common source of natural drinking water by people living around forests.

Water table is replenishing. That means, the supply of water underground could also dry up if not replenished regularly. When there is rain, forests hold much of the rainfall to the soil through their roots.

Thus, water sinks in deeper to the ground, and eventually replenishing the supply of water in the water table. Now, imagine what happens when there is not enough forests anymore. Water from rain would simply flow through the soil surface and not be retained by the soil.

Or other than that, the water from rain would not stay in the soil longer, for the process of evaporation would immediately set in. Thus, the water table is not replenished, leading to drying up of wells.

Effect to biodiversity

Forests are natural habitats to many types of animals and organisms. That is why, when there is deforestation, many animals are left without shelters. Those that manage to go through the flat lands and residential sites are then killed by people.

Through the years, it is estimated that there are millions of plant and extinct animal species that have been wiped out because they have been deprived of home. Thus, biodiversity is significantly lowered because of the savage deforestation practices of some people.

Wildlife advocates have been constantly reminding that several wild animals left in the world could still be saved if deforested forests would only be reforested and the practice of slash and burn of forests would be totally abandoned.

Social effects of deforestation

Deforestation is hardly hitting the living conditions of indigenous people who consider forests as their primary habitats. Imagine how they are rendered homeless when forests are depleted. These natives would be forced to live elsewhere, and are usually left to becoming mendicants in rural and urban areas.

Overall, effects of deforestation cannot be offset by the contribution of the practice to development. While it is logical that progress is very much needed by mankind, it must also be noted that nature knows no defeat. Destruct it and it would certainly retaliate, one way or another.

The Effect of Deforestation
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